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Land
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The
Livelihood Options project explores land tenure in a region
of India |
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Moving
Mud, Shifting Soil: Change and Development in Wage Labour Livelihoods
in Uttar Pradesh, India ( Orlanda Ruthven / Sushil Kumar
/ ODI / Working Paper No.176 / 2002) (PDF)
This paper studies the contemporary shape of land ownership
in Uttar Pradesh, India highlighting caste-based agrarian relations,
in-migration by wealthy Bihari peasants, generational division
in landed families and the government's campaign of distribution
to the landless.
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The
Sustainable Livelihoods in Southern Africa (SLSA) project explores
politics and policies surrounding land and its effect upon livelihoods |
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From
Jambanja to Planning: The Reassertion of Technocracy in Land
Reform in Southeastern Zimbabwe (Joseph Chaumba / Ian Scoones
/ William Wolmer / 2003) (PDF)
This paper examines the land occupations and fast-track resettlement
process in Zimbabwe's southeast lowveld. It argues that the
broad-brush representation, described as chaotic, violent, unmodern
and unplanned conceals the process logic of the process. It
argues that there is an underlying order to the apparent chaos
of the farm invasions. |
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New
Politics, New Livelihoods: Changes in the Zimbabwean Lowveld
Since the Farm Occupations of 2000 (Joseph Chaumba / William
Wolmer / Ian Scoones / 2003) (PDF)
Ongoing radical land reform involving the seizure of largely
white-owned commercial farmland has dramatically altered the
physical landscape in Zimbabwe. Alongside this a new political
terrain has rapidly unravelled with new actors and new institutions.
This paper examines the new actors and emerging institutions,
and investigates the impact of these changes on people's livelihoods.
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Land
Reform and Sustainable Livelihoods in South Africa's Eastern
Cape Province (Edward Lahiff / 2003) (PDF)
This paper examines the implementation of land reform policies
in the Eastern Cape through a series of case studies. Attempts
at redistribution, restitution and land tenure reform have thrown
up a variety of models and approaches. The pros and cons of
each are evaluated, and the challenge of developing a more integrated,
livelihoods oriented approach discussed. |
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Community
Based Natural Resources Management in Mozambique: A Theoretical
or Practical Strategy for Local Sustainable Development? The
Case Study of Derre Forest Reserve (Isilda Nhantumbo / Simon
Norfolk / João Pereira) (PDF)
This paper explores the theory and practice of community based
approaches to natural resource management. It examines the history
of community involvement in forest use in a reserve in Mozambique,
and the changing nature of local organisations. The complementarities
and conflicts with existing organisations, both formal and informal,
are explored, and the challenges of institutional design for
community based management raised. |
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'Só para o Inglese ver' - The Policy and Practice
of Tenure Reform in Mozambique (Simon Norfolk / Isilda Nhantumbo
/ João Pereira / 2003) (PDF)
This paper examines the fundamentals of Mozambican land policy
from a livelihoods perspective and identifies considerable potential
for improving the sustainability of rural livelihoods and the
flexibility and cost-effectiveness of policy instruments aimed
at increasing security of tenure. |
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The
Politics of Land Reform in Southern Africa (Edward Lahiff
/ 2003) (PDF)
This paper considers the politics of land in Southern Africa
and, in particular, the current land reform processes in Mozambique,
South Africa and Zimbabwe. It argues that despite the considerable
attention given to land issues in the region over the past twenty
years, fundamental reform that shifts assets and opportunities
in favour of the rural poor have yet to be brought about. |
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Wildlife
Management and Land Reform in Southeastern Zimbabwe: A Compatible
Pairing or a Contradiction in Terms? (William Wolmer / Joseph
Chaumba / Ian Scoones / 2003) (PDF)
This paper examines the bringing together of two discourses
in southeastern Zimbabwe: land reform and wildlife management.
The former seeks to redistribute large, 'under-utilised' landholdings
to smallholders whilst the latter needs extensive land holdings
to be viable. It investigates whether the competing discourses
are compatible and examines the 'science' and politics underlying
their melding.
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The
LADDER project explores customary tenure and policies for land
reform in the two papers below |
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A Comparative Study of Land Tenure Reform in Four Countries:
Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi and Kenya (Sholto Cross / LADDER
Working Paper No. 31 / 2002) (PDF)
Despite their divergent colonial and post-colonial histories,
Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi and Kenya have experienced a remarkable
convergence in the current state of customary land tenure.
The last decade has seen an intensification of popular demands
for land reform giving rise to new legislative initiatives.
The paper argues that while land reform initiatives address
a number of critical issues, they lack a grounding in micro
and meso-level policy and political action.
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Customary
Land Tenure, Taxes and Service Delivery in Rural Malawi: A
Review of Institutional Features of Rural Livelihoods
(Sholto Cross / LADDER Working Paper No.21 / 2002) (PDF)
Malawian small farmers occupying land under customary tenure
have faced over 100 years of land alienation without compensation.
This study reviews the evolution of policies and examines
the contemporary status of small farmers at the micro level.
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Water |
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The
Improving Policy-Livelihood Relationships in South Asia project
explores a range of governance and water policy issues in the
region |
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Water
Resources Management in Bangladesh - A Policy Process Analysis
,Improving Policy-Livelihood Relationships in South Asia
(Anjan Datta / John Soussan / Matthew Chadwick/ Briefing Note
8) (PDF)
Water management policies in Bangladesh have evolved from an
engineering paradigm to become increasingly participatory and
integrated. This Briefing Note assesses how far the National
Water Policy has come, the role of the various policy actors,
and the limitations in its implementation. |
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Changing
the Profession: The Evolution of Approaches Amongst Engineers
to Water Policy and Practice in Bangladesh (Ainun Nishat
/ Issue Paper) (PDF)
This paper traces the evolution of approaches to water policy
in Bangladesh amongst engineers. It considers the capabilities
of the relevant institution and the preparation of the National
Water Management Programme. It concludes with a critique of
the changes demanded in the profession and to implementation
level. |
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Watershed
Development in Andhra Pradesh Improving Policy-Livelihood Relationships
in South Asia (Oliver Springate-Baginski / V. Ratna Reddy
/ M. Gopinath Reddy / S. Galab/ Policy Review Paper 5) (PDF)
This study tracks the evolution of policies on watershed management
in Andhra Pradesh. It discusses the linkages between watershed
management and livelihood issues that influenced the watershed
development approach. It also discusses how institutions and
policy initiatives have dealt with, and might in future strengthen,
the overall policy framework and implementation. |
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Can
Sectoral Programmes Sustain Rural Livelihoods? An Assessment
of Participatory Watershed Development in Andhra Pradesh, India
(V. Ratna Reddy / M. Gopinath Reddy / S. Galab, Y. V. Malla
Reddy / J. Soussan / Briefing Note 5) (PDF)
This Briefing Note assesses watershed policies in Andhra Pradesh,
India and examines the role of watershed development (WD) in
enhancing rural livelihoods. It identifies some areas of improvement
and suggests that there is a need to identify appropriate complementary
programmes in order to make WD more effective. |
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Irrigation,
Livelihoods and River Basins (Bruce Lankford / LADDER Working
Paper No.14 / 2002) (PDF)
This paper examines the relationship between irrigation, rural
livelihoods and river basin management in Tanzania.
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The Sustaining Livelihoods in Southern
Africa project explores water management in Zimbabwe. |
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Water
Points and Water Policies: Decentralisation and Community Management
in Sangwe Communal Area, Zimbabwe (Sobona Mtisi / Alan Nicol)
(PDF)
This study examines contrasting institutional dynamics around
borehole committees as a result of community based management
in recent years in Chiredzi District Zimbabwe.
It concludes with discussion of the challenges of community
based management in the context of high levels of social and
economic differentiation and options of private access to resources. |
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Caught
in the Act: New Stakeholders, Decentralisation and Water Management
Processes in Zimbabwe (Sobona Mtisi / Alan Nicol) (PDF)
This paper looks at the Save Catchment Council in Zimbabwe,
and the institutional functioning of decentralised catchment
management. With resources accessible through a permit scheme,
potentially many more water users can gain access to this resource
than under the previous policy regime. However, despite the
neat design of catchment approaches, their operation is very
much based on who can negotiate most effectively.
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Coastal
Management
The Improving Policy-Livelihood Relationships
in South Asia project focuses on coastal management in Bangladesh
and Sri Lanka and investigates the relevant policies and institutions |
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A
Policy Review Livelihood-Policy Relationships in South Asia
(Mark Aeron-Thomas / Working Paper 4) (PDF)
This paper reviews coastal zone management and policy in Sri
Lanka. Management of activities in this area is complex and
involves a wide range of sectors and institutions. It focuses
upon the management of shrimp cultivation and efforts to integrate
resource use at a local level. |
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Coastal
Zone Management in Sri Lanka: A Policy Process Analysis Improving
Policy-Livelihood Relationships in South Asia ( Alexandra
Clemett / Briefing Note 7) (PDF)
Since 1981 coastal zone management policy has evolved from a
policy to prevent coastal erosion into an integrated policy
aimed at addressing not only the causes of coastal erosion but
also habitat degradation and the wider issue of sustaining coastal
livelihoods. This Briefing Note discusses the progress made
to date, and the outcomes and impacts on local communities.
It also offers suggestions for ways that the process can be
further improved. |
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Integrated
Coastal Zone Management in Bangladesh Improving Policy-Livelihood
Relationships in South Asia (Matthew Chadwick / Policy Review
Paper 6) (PDF)
This paper reviews policy for coastal zone management in Bangladesh.
It tracks the evolution of policies and highlihgts the linkages
between coastal management and livelihood issues. It goes on
to discuss how institutions and policy initiatives have dealt
with, and might in future strengthen, the overall policy framework
and implementation. |
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Coastal
Zone Policies and Livelihoods in Bangladesh Improving Policy-Livelihood
Relationshipsin South Asia (John Soussan / Anjan Datta /
Briefing Note 6) (PDF)
The coastal zone in Bangladesh is characterised by rich natural
resources but also vulnerability to natural and man-made calamities.
This Briefing Note suggests that the Integrated Coastal Zone
Management (ICZM) policy being adopted does focus on the integration
of development and disaster management policies and activities,
in response to the priorities of affected communities. It highlights
challenges to the policy development process.
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The
SCL project highlights the interaction between coastal resources,
governance and the livelihoods of the poor |
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The
Policy Process and Coastal Complexity
Policy
briefing paper (PDF)
Working paper (PDF)
This paper is about the complexities of interactions between
the policy process, the coastal zone and the poor who live in
the coastal zone. It particularly looks at how the complexity
of these interactions has adverse affects on the poor and how
policy makers and the poor try to deal with these adverse affects.
Finally it provides some guidance on possible future approaches
that can improve these interactions and help policy makers deal
more effectively with the complexities of poverty in the coastal
area. |
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Poverty
and Coral Reefs
Policy briefing paper (PDF)
Working paper (PDF)
This
paper explores the interaction of poverty and reefs. It highlights
the diversity of stakeholders, and draws attentions to the
complexity of the interaction system which is rarely incorporated
into policy processes. It provides guidance for intervention,
advocating that a shift in balance towards people-focused
coastal development is required to sustainably support the
livelihoods of the poor.
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Access
to Natural Resources for the Coastal Poor (PDF)
In
many areas of South Asia, in coastal areas the relative abundance
of natural resources found along the land-water interface
still provides the basis for the way of life for many of the
poor. A key feature of these resources is that access to them
is either completely open or access and/or use rights are
vague or poorly defined. Changes taking place in coastal areas
throughout South Asia are adversely affecting the ways in
which the poor are able to use these resources to support
their livelihoods. This paper explores these changes, explores
coping mechanisms by the poor and suggests policy interventions
to improve access.
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Forestry
and Tourism -SLSA investigate forestry and tourism
development in Sub-Saharan Africa and relationships between
the different actors involved. |
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Transforming
Roles but not Reality? Private Sector and Community Involvement
in Tourism and Forestry Development on the Wild Coast, South
Africa (Caroline Ashley / Zolile Ntshona) (PDF)
This paper reviews the changing roles of private sector and
local residents in tourism and forestry development. It, looks
both at what is envisaged in policies and plans, and what is
emerging in practice. It questions where the livelihood interests
of the poor lie? Are expressed? in these processes, and what
factors strengthen or weaken their role. |
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Transformation
or Tinkering? New Forms of Engagement Between Communities and
the Private Sector in Tourism and Forestry in Southern Africa
(Caroline Ashley / William Wolmer) (PDF)
In South Africa, Zimbabwe and Mozambique there are a wide range
of policy statements, approaches and initiatives seeking to
commercialise tourism and forestry assets, while simultaneously
incorporating some element of community involvement. The case
studies suggest that the new forms of interaction between communities
and the private sector are highly varied in their impacts on
the poor. |
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Tourism,
Local Livelihoods and the Private Sector in South Africa: Case
Studies on the Growing Role of the Private Sector in Natural
Resources Management (Anna Spenceley) (PDF)
The focus of this SLSA paper is on tourism in South Africa,
and the growing role of the private sector in natural resource
management. The driving forces for initiatives and the degree
to which the poor have influenced them are explored through
the case studies, as are the costs, benefits and constraints.
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The Livelihood Options project explore
forestry policies in Orissa, India. |
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Livelihood
Diversification and Non-Timber Forest Products in Orissa: Wider
Lessons on the Scope for Policy Change? (NC Saxena / ODI
Working Paper No. 223/ 2003) (PDF)
This paper describes how government policies and institutions
during the last thirty years in the eastern coastal state of
Orissa have affected forest dwellers' livelihoods based on collection
of non-timber forest products.
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The
Improving Policy-Livelihoods Relationships in South Asia project
also explores forestry in India |
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Making
Moola and Muddling Along - Trees, Poor People and Policies in
Himachal Pradesh Improving Policy-Livelihood Relationships in
South Asia ( Gouri / Sushil Mudgal / Elaine Morrison / James
Mayers / Briefing Note 9) (PDF)
Making Moola and Muddling Along - Trees, Poor People and Policies
in Himachal Pradesh
This Briefing Note explores how policy has influenced the relationship
between poor people and trees, in Himachal Pradesh (HP), India,
and how in future policy might improve its influence. The focus
is on five major policy arenas: Panchayati Raj institutions,
timber distribution rights, joint forest management, nomadic
graziers and medicinal plants.
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Transboundary
Natural Resource Management -SLSA explore the
theme of transboundary conservation management |
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Transboundary
Conservation: The Politics of Ecological Integrity in the Great
Limpopo Transfrontier Park (William Wolmer) (PDF)
This paper explores the ideological, political and economic
rationales for Transboundary Natural Resource Management (TBNRM).
It makes particular reference to Zimbabwe's involvement in the
flagship Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park initiative, which
spans Zimbabwe, South Africa and Mozambique. It investigates
the competing agendas, potential impacts, and points of conflict
surrounding the initiative at global, national and local levels,
and explores the potential impacts on agrarian livelihoods.
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Environmental
Shocks |
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Environmental
Shocks as Policy Drivers: A Case Study of Floods and Coastal
Cyclones in Bangladesh (Saleemul Huq) (PDF)
This paper describes the ways in which policies and measures
were developed in response to major environmental events such
as floods and a cyclone in Bangladesh. The political context
in which the policies and measures were developed and how
they were affected is discussed.
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