|
 |
|  |
|
| What
other approaches are similar to livelihoods approaches? The following sections
provide a brief introduction to other approaches which share some characteristics
of a Sustainable Livelihoods approach. | |
| |
 | Community
Driven Development | Community
Driven Development (CDD) is an approach used principally by the World Bank. Poor
people are often viewed as the target of poverty reduction efforts. Community-driven
development gives control of decisions and resources to community groups. CDD
treats poor people as assets and partners in the development process, building
on their institutions and resources.
Support to CDD usually includes
strengthening and financing inclusive community groups, facilitating community
access to information, and promoting an enabling environment through policy and
institutional reform. People
centred, participation and building on existing strengths are key principles of
a sustainable livelihoods approach which clearly conincide with Community Driven
Development. However, a livelihoods approach aims to work at various levels, not
only with communities, but also engaging at regional, national and even international
levels to strengthen livelihoods.
| | Further
Resources: | |
| World
Bank Community Driven Development website
HTML |
| PRSP
Sourcebook Chapter 9: Community-Driven Development. Philippe Dongier et al., 2002
PDF |
|
|
World
Bank Participation and Civil Engagement site on CDD HTML
|
| |
|
|
Rights
Based Approaches | |
| Rights
based approaches to development set the achievement of human rights as a central
objective of development. They use human rights as the scaffold of development
policy. Development programmes guided by human rights focus on respecting human
dignity, achieving fairness in opportunities and equal treatment for all and strengthening
the ability of local communities to access resources and services.
A
rights-based approach to development includes the following elements:
•
express linkage to rights
• accountability
• empowerment
• participation
• non-discrimination and attention to vulnerable
groups
There is no single, universally agreed rights-based approach,
although there may be an emerging consensus on the basic constituent elements.
Many United Nations programmes, non-governmental organizations, national institutions
and bilateral agencies are now cooperating and contributing to the development
of rights-based approaches.
Recently,
there has been considerable interest in understanding the links between rights
based approaches and sustainable livelihoods approaches. The two approaches are
increasingly used in parallel to inform projects or organisational strategies.
They share a strong focus on addressing policy and institutional factors, and
ensuring access to assets and institutions. However, a livelihoods approach is
often perceived as starting from the micro level, whereas the rights based approach
most often starts from an international or national perspective.
| | |
|
Asset
Based Community Development | |
Also
known as Asset Building and Community Development
Asset
Based Community Development (ABCD) is an approach to community-based development,
based on the principles of:
• Appreciating and mobilising individual
and community talents, skills and assets (rather than focusing on problems and
needs)
• Community-driven development rather than development driven
by external agencies It
builds on:
• Appreciative inquiry which identifies and analyses the
community's past successes.
• The recognition of social capital and
its importance as an asset.
• Participatory approaches, which are based
on principles of empowerment and ownership of the development process
•
Community economic development models that place priority on collaborative efforts
for economic development
• Efforts to strengthen civil society. These
efforts have focused on how to engage people as citizens rather than clients. ABCD
is more common amongst North American agencies such as USAID, Coady Institute
and Ford Foundation. It shares many similarities with the SL approach, though
the focus on addressing vulnerability and on influencing policies, institutions
and processes is less explicit. | |
|
| |
|
|
|
Gestion
de Terroirs | The
Gestion de Terroirs (GT) approach to rural development emerged from the francophone
West African states as an attempt to improve upon existing approaches to local
rural development. The
GT approach focused on natural resource management at the village or community
level through three inter-related systems:
1. Technical projects, such as
those related to the conservation of soil, etc.
2. Socio-economic factors
related to the organisational structures within which people pursue their livelihood
strategies.
3. The legal system and its administration, by which use rights
are enforced in practice. Community
participation is fundamental to the GT approach. Also its focus on influencing
institutions and strengthening access to natural and social assets are key similarities
with the sustainable livelihoods approach.
| | Further
Resources | | Institutionalizing
the Gestion des Terroirs Approach: A review of the issues and literature. Stephanie
Foerster, IIED/IDS May 1999 DOC
|
| People
Centre Approaches - A brief literature review and comparison of types. Dervla
Cleary, FAO. Sept 2003 PDF
|
|
|
Social
Safety Nets | Safety
Nets are mechanisms that mitigate the effects of poverty and other risks on vulnerable
households. Risks can be temporary or permanent, and they can also be idiosyncratic,
affecting specific households (such as illness or death of a breadwinner), or
covariate, impacting communities and countries (like drought and shift in terms
of trade). A
variety of safety nets address these risks, including private or informal ones,
such as when family members in different households support each other through
hard times with cash, food, or labor. Others are formal programs run by governments
and others that aim to provide additional income or in-kind help to vulnerable
households. Risk
and vulnerability are key elements of the Sustianable Livelihoods approach, and
strengthening the asset base and building a supportive institutional environment
are key ways of addressing this. Work on social safety nets provides further insight
in this respect.
| | Further
Resources | |
| World
Bank Social Safety Nets Home Page
HTML |
| Making
Less Last Longer: Informal Safety Nets in Malawi
Stephen Devereux (1999) HTML |
|
|
Other
Approaches | There
are details on the following four approaches to development described in other
areas of Livelihoods Connect: •
Country-level Development Strategies, for example: Poverty Reduction Strategy
Papers, Comprehensive Development Frameworks and National Strategies for Sustainable
Development;
• Medium-Term Expenditure Frameworks;
• Sector-Wide
Approaches;
• Governance and Rights-based Approaches.
| | Further
Resources | | Sustainable
Livelihoods Guidance Sheets: Comparing Development Approaches PDF
/ RTF |
| Livelihoods
Connect Distance Learning Guide: Comparing Development Approaches HTML |
|
Contribute |
If you
would like to suggest other approaches which should be covered in this section,
please send you comments to us at: livelihoods-connect@ids.ac.uk |
|
| |
|
|
